The Changing Role of Science Fiction Essay - 2351 Words

Science fiction means a lot of things to a lot of different people, thus a variety of definitions have arisen to allow for this. Perhaps the most simple of these can be found in the The Merriam-Webster Dictionary, which states that science fiction is fiction dealing principally with the impact of actual or imagined science on society or individuals (652). Most of academia, however, prefers an extended version from Darko Suvin, who says SF is: A literary genre whose necessary and sufficient conditions are the presence and interaction of estrangement and cognition, and whose main formal device is an imaginative framework alternative to the authors empirical environment (Online 4). While either of†¦show more content†¦He also says that Proto SF has to embody a sense [. . .] that the marvels it depicts can be argued for, if necessary by example and analogy from the existing world (35). One of the first examples of this can be seen in The True History of Lucian of Samosata which was written c. 175 C.E. Lucian was aware of the beginnings of true astronomy, which had, with reasonable accuracy, determined the Moons diameter and its distance from the Earth. He used all known science of the time to write his book, but did not know that air wasnt present for most of the way between the two heavenly bodies, therefore his device of having a ship lifted by a waterspout and carried to the Moon on a whirlwind seemed quite possible to him (Del Rey 13). Proto SF is a vast genre containing many well-known and not so well-known texts. Among these can be found Shakespeares Othello and Swifts Gullivers Travels as well as Baron Ludvig Holbergs Journey of Niels Klim to the World Underground, just to name a few. Many scholars agree that the birth of science fiction came about in 1818 with the publication of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. 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Is Organ Sale Not Banned For Many Years - 1105 Words

PAGE 1 Marlon Nolasco Professor: Dr.Julius Ellington Period 2B, Social Issues Date: 1/10/2016 Imagine someone that you hold dearly about to die because of a terrible organ problem and that person needs an organ to be alive, you can’t donate your organs, what will you do? There are a lot of people throughout the world that at this moment are waiting for an organ to be donated to them, however not many people will do it because they are either scared that they one day need it or that they might suffer during the process. Organ sale has been banned for many years because of a lot of reasons that we†¦show more content†¦This results will bring us to our first question, do people need to get paid to donate organs? Or does organ sale need to be legalized? That is a both â€Å"yes† and â€Å"no† question because there are a lot of people that need money and are poor, 22% of the United States consist of poor people, single kidney may cost up to $60,000. Meaning if people are really desperate for money they could sell their organs. So this would convince many people that are in need of money. However, there will be more problems if there is a legalization of organ selling. There could be an increase of murder just because people want to sell organs on the black market. One example of organ trafficking dates back to 7 years ago, in July 2009 a person named levy Izhak was arrested for buying organs from weak people in Israel for $10,000 and later selling them to people that really need them for $100,000 in the U.S. This will cause many people to oppose the sales of organ and would make some people donating organs think twice before doing it because they might feel scared that one day they might need it and would have to pay a large amount of money to get what they have given before. Some people think that this idea is bad because organs should not be given in exchange for money because you are saving someone’s life. One thing that really concerns me is that why does money have to

Poetry Analysis for Sunshine by Matisyahu Essay Example For Students

Poetry Analysis for Sunshine by Matisyahu Essay Mantissas uses symbolism to define the deeper meaning of never giving up in his so Eng. In Sunshine, the artist says, uniform my golden sunshine, which symbolizes the center of happiness in life. The artist is telling someone that they are his golden sunshine which translates t o something such as you are the light of my life. The audience is told that there is someone or something out there that keeps him at his peak of happiness and also benefits his eagerness in life. Another sys mambo in this song is he shelter that the artist refers to when he says Id be your shelter from the storm. This particular line is both a symbol and a metaphor. The artist is the actual shelter to which he refers t o, and symbolizes safety and security. He would protect that person from the bad things thrown at the m in life. Although both lyrics are only a small line, they generate a deeper meaning than what is actual y portrayed, which makes this song so great. Imagery is a very creative device that is used in the song. Its raining in your mind, so push hem clouds aside is one of the lines that display it. In addition to imagery, this line I s also a form of Dry 2 personification, because the mind does not actually rain. This line means that the per son Mantissas is referring to is thinking in a negative way, or only of bad things in their life, and what t hey really need to be doing is forgetting about the negative and focusing on the positive go eye should be happy Poetic about. Reach for the sky, keep your eye on the prize, is both a hyperbole tenement. This line anticipates the type of goal the artist has for himself, and advice he Keep looking forward or keep your mind set on your goal, because there is never a limit In Sunshine, there is a variety of figurative language that is used. Found beneath my feet gone, is a form of alliteration and metaphor. The artist is telling e that he lost the steady foundation in his life which kept him sane and practical. One of the s of metaphors/ similes are Time to grow and be a man, want to fly high like Peter Pan. T eying that it is time to take responsibility for yourself and learn new things in lie hey are part of what s needed to become successful and ha ppy. These types of figurative Ian De in the song to communicate interest and creativity, which is another reason why Shuns eve. Without a tone, songs and poems would not have emotion. The tone of S confident and faithful, as if no one could give up on anything when listening to this hole chorus where it says, Reach for the sky, keep your eye on the prize, forever in my mind b sunshine. Its raining in your mind, so push them clouds aside, forever by my side, you n sunshine shows how positive the artist is in the song. He is saying to never give up and al n your goal because it can be achieved no matter what.

The Pardoners Tale

Introduction: Repentance as the Ultimate Choice Of all the stories in Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer The Pardoner’s Tale and its Prologue must be the most famous and by far the most memorable of all the â€Å"tales†. Setting a challenging plot and developing a rather unpredictable twist, Chaucer wrote a unique work which deserves taking a closer look at. Despite the fact that the Tale and the Prologue revolve around the issue of morality most of the time, the two stories manage to touch upon a range of other issues, among which the one of repentance takes a good chunk of the poem, which makes The Pardoner and its Prologue display certain similarities with the Middle English penitential lyrics.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Pardoner’s Tale specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Calling for the Lord Almighty: Pater Noster and The Pardoner To start with, The Pardoner’s Tale and the Middle English penitential lyrics touch upon the issue of the relationships between a man and God. While in the Middle English penitential lyrics, the idea of a man establishing relationships with God is obvious. Indeed, according to Luis Alberto Là ¡zaro, The Pardoner’s Tale offers a lot in terms of revealing the specifics of the Christian belief and the ways in which people speak to the Lord, contrasting it sharply to the ways offered by the Medieval church: â€Å"Chaucer himself recited his lines in front of a courtly audience, entertaining his listeners with · biting stories about unscrupulous clergy or dissolute women† (Là ¡zaro 147). Indeed, if considering Chaucer’s poem closer, one will see that the author tries to convey the idea that people should remember about the words of wisdom that the Bible says and let God into their souls and minds: â€Å"Now for the love of Christ Who died for us, forsake / your oaths, great and small† (Chaucer) . Comparing the given feature of Chaucer’s poem, it is necessary to mention that the Middle English penitential lyrics by Patterson actually manages to get the same message across, though in quite a different way: â€Å"Une fader in hevene riche, / Thi name be hallid ever i-liche† (Patterson 108). It should be mentioned though, that, in contrast to the Middle English penitential lyrics, in which the author addresses God in a direct manner and with a certain message to get across, whether it is a plea or appraise: â€Å"Ne lete us falle in no fondinge† (Patterson 108) the characters in The Pardoner’s Tale mention the name of God rather as a way to make sure that the Lord will keep them from certain harm: â€Å"Now for the love of Christ Who died for us, forsake / your oaths, great and small† (Chaucer) seems an exclamation than a plea; moreover, it seems that the manner of mentioning God’s name I rather a habit than a conscientious attempt to address the Lord. Hence, the constant mentioning of the Lord’s name in The Pardoner’s Tale and The Prologue can also be considered a specific satire which Chaucer used in his works, as it has been mentioned above. As a matter of fact, satire is the key word that depicts Chaucer’s The Pardoner’s Tale, which also makes the poem differ from Patterson’s Middle English penitential lyrics.Advertising Looking for term paper on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While The Pardoner’s Tale portrays the people in the poem in a rather satirical way: â€Å"My holy / pardon will cure you all, provided that you offer / nobles and other sterling coin, or else silver rings, / brooches, spoons† (Chaucer), the character in Patterson’s Middle English penitential lyrics are depicted in a much more serious manner: â€Å"Jhesu cryst whane he sculd dey† (Patterson 102). Nevertheless, both authors touch upon the same issue, i.e., faith and a man’s relationships with God, with Chaucer revealing the most despicable sides of human nature: â€Å"â€Å"O / Lord,† he said, â€Å"if only I could have all this treasure / to myself† (Chaucer), and Patterson describing the fear and awe that a sinner feels when speaking to God: â€Å"I am duclus sum in to my bed, / terribilis mors [conturbat me]† (Patterson 103). Pater Noster in Anglico and The Pardoner: The Similarities Much like Pater Noster, Pater Noster in Anglico has a number of issues in common with Chaucer’s The Pardoner’s Tale, i.e., the topic, the theme, the metaphors, to name a few. Despite a comparatively small size, Pater Noster in Anglico yet manages to convey a lot of ideas which Chaucer also offers the readers to consider in his poem. To start with, Pater Noster in Anglico begins with addressing to God: â€Å"Une fader in hevene riche† (Patterson 108) and is altogether devoted to praising the Lord’s name. Likewise, The Pardoner’s Tale is also filled with the lines in which people address God in a certain manner: â€Å"‘By God’s precious heart,’/ and ‘By His nails’ and ‘By the blood of Christ in the / abbey of Hales† (Chaucer). Filled with references to Lord Almighty, Chaucer’s poem, however, contrasts with the naivety of the prayer mentioned by Patterson. While the latter is written for the sake of glorifying the name of God, the people in Chaucer’s poem mention the Lord’s name and the names of saints in vain, which is already a sign that they do not take their beliefs too seriously: â€Å"By St. John, you / shall not depart so easily!† (Chaucer). In addition, while the overall tone of Patterson’s poem is uplifting and high-flown, Chaucer’s characters mention the Lord’s name when talking about the most despicable thi ngs, which also adds to the contrast between the two books: â€Å"Nay, old churl, not so fast, by God† (Chaucer). Perhaps, the message which both The Pardoner and the Middle English penitential lyrics works so well because neither of the works uses actual people or even their credible impersonations to convey the key idea. It is not secret that in both cases, the characters are exaggerated versions of themselves.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Pardoner’s Tale specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Each of the characters in the Pardoner’s Tale is a classic stereotype. In other words, the character in Patterson’s poems is a generic image of a praying man, which makes the given image a typical generalization. Hence, the characters in both Chaucer’s and Patterson’s poems are generalized, which serves to make the chain of authors’ arguments even more impressive: â €Å"It would be strange indeed if Chaucer had intended his characters to be recognizable as particular living individuals, or as scientific phenomena, and nothing more† (Miller). Hence, in both poems, the characters are easily identifiable, yet hardly relatable to any particular person, which makes the argument concerning faith and church all the stronger. Asking for Forgiveness: When Timor Mortis Is Stronger than Ever Another issue which the two works both touch upon is the one concerning forgiveness. One of the major themes in Chaucer’s poem, the given issue helps draw the line between the Kingdom of God and the church; the author obviously stresses that there is a considerable difference between the faith in God, and its representation in the form of a church and its clergy. It is quite peculiar that Chaucer depicts the clergy in a rather unpleasant way. As a matter of fact, Patterson does not mention any clergy or even church in his poems whatsoever – there is only the Holy Trinity and him, a portrait of an average sinner praying to the Lord. As Hicks stresses, Unlike Augustine’s Christian teacher who exercises dignity, restraint, and moderation when he delivers his homily, Chaucer’s Pardoner inverts Augustine’s precautions on action in his sermon. He speaks in an unpleasant, irritating voice and displays unnecessary, distracting gestures when he presents his moral tale; thus, he inverts Augustine’s standards of homiletic decorum. (Hicks 83) When the Heart Breaks in Three Parts: The Holy Trinity Along with the rest of the Middle English penitential lyrics, the poem by Chaucer shares a lot of similar issues and ideas with the poem named in Patterson’s book as â€Å"Alas, My Hart Will Brek in Thre.† However, as it has been mentioned before, Chaucer’s poem is a satire; hence, the mentioning of the Christ, the Holy Spirit and God is a parody on the then idea of the Trinity: â€Å"The oath o f the three ‘To lyve and dyen ech of hem for oother’ (703) parodies the mutuality of the divine Trinity. If successful, this drunken effort to ‘play God’ would of course spell disaster for the race† (Hatcher 247). Like Chaucer, Patterson also mentions the Holy Trinity, yet does so to create the atmosphere of spirituality: â€Å"Alas, my hart will brek in thre† (Patterson 103).Advertising Looking for term paper on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Comparing the above-mentioned idea to the one conveyed by Patterson in his Middle English penitential lyrics, one must admit that Patterson’s poems are completely deprived of the bitter irony which Chaucer’s lines are shot through. While the latter manages to develop the idea of faith with the help of the most noble and uplifting images of repenting poor sinners and the Lord Almighty taking care of their lives, Chaucer offers a bitter reality where indulgences are sold as a token of forgiveness from the havens above. Thus, the two poems provide a rather sharp contrast when compared. Even though Besserman and Storm claim that â€Å"That Chaucer held some views in common with the Lollards does not mean that he necessarily held all, and to attribute to him condemnation of Canterbury pilgrimage must surely strain credulity† (Besserman and Storm 406), it is still obvious that Chaucer makes an attempt to remind the readers about the Holy Trinity and make them forget a bout the power of the corrupt clergy. Facing the Dread of Death: Forgiveness as a Way to Overcome It Another recurrent theme that one can find in both The Pardoner and the Middle English penitential lyrics is the idea of forgiveness. Again, offered in a rather subtle way in The Pardoner’s Tale, in Patterson’s lyrics, it is rather on the nose. Anyway, it cannot be denied that the issue is in the spotlight of discussion in The Pardoner’s Tale as well as in the Middle English penitential lyrics. Again, while in Patterson’s poems, the idea is considered from a viewpoint of redemption, Chaucer takes the examples of how the issue of guilt is handled by the lowest of the low: â€Å"Here in / my bag I have relics and indulgences, as fair as any / man’s in Britain, which were given to me by the / pope’s own hand† (Chaucer). Indulgences, one of the worst ideas that have ever occurred to the clergy, as the means to buy one’s innocence, re present the scale of the moral lapse of the given time slot. Likewise, Patterson also talks about forgiveness, yet his idea of forgiving one’s sins is way more devout: â€Å"God graunte vs grace hym for to seure† (Patterson 103). It is also quite peculiar that The Pardoner offers the idea of forgiveness, and, to Chaucer’s credit, rather subtly, one must admit: â€Å"God forgive you your trespasses / and guard you from the sin of avarice† (Chaucer) is, perhaps, the only line in which the word â€Å"forgiveness† is mentioned. However, the idea of looking for repentance is definitely there in Chaucer’s poem. The poem even begins with a cry for forgiveness and the need to repent: â€Å"Our Host began to swear as if he were mad; â€Å"Help! / Alas! By the nails and cross of Christ, this was a false / churl and a false justice!† (Chaucer). Compared to Chaucer’s work, Patterson’s poems seem to be more explicit in their idea of forgiveness, like prayers are supposed to be: â€Å"Semper in sinnis I ete my bred† (Patterson 103); it is quite important that the author of the poem does not even beg for forgiveness – like a mere mortal in front of God, the author knows that he will be judged like a sinner is supposed to. However, Patterson’s â€Å"Alas, My Hart Will Brek in Thre† also touches upon a very interesting thought which is not developed by Chaucer, yet can serve as the continuation of the idea of forgiveness. According to Patterson, death can be viewed as a logical ending to the life full of sins. The author starts with the fact any human being is a sinner by default, which is why in the end, terribilis morttis awaits for him/her: â€Å"Infirmus sum, I may not Rise. / Terribilis mortis conturbat me† (Patterson 103). However, in the final lines of the poem, Patterson makes it clear that for a sinner who is waiting for his earthly suffer it end, death can be considered as a way of salvation: â€Å"In Celum ther is Joy with the! / terrbilis mortis conturbat me.† (Patterson 103). Therefore, Patterson suggests that death is already repentance for the sins made during one’s earthly life, while Chaucer insists on the fact that guilt cannot be washed away either by money, or by the sands of time: â€Å"The Pardoner may have made a mistake, but Chaucer did not† (Swart 47). Seized by the Fear of Death: Timor Mortis in The Pardoner Finally, the fear of death as the central theme in The Pardoner’s Tale and its prologue must be discussed. At the given point, the connection between Chaucer’s and Patterson’s works seems obvious; while in Chaucer’s work, the characters decide to defeat the fear of death and, thus, kill the Death himself, in Patterson’s Middle English penitential lyrics, the fear of death is described as a phenomenon. It is also quite peculiar that the descriptions of death as Chaucer and Patterson see it also differ. Chaucer depicts death as the force that comes out of nowhere and takes people away, leaving their relatives and bellowed one mourn in grief: â€Å"A / stealthy thief that men call Death, who slays all the / people in this country-side, came with his spear and / struck his heart in two, and went his way without a/ word† (Chaucer). Patterson, however, in his penitential lyrics described death as something that is quite natural to fear; the character in his poem fears the death despite his age, belief, or experience: â€Å"In August whan the levis falle [†¦] timor mortis conturbat me† (Patterson 107). Thus, Patterson not simply depicts death as The Grim Reaper, but also makes it obvious that it is natural or a human being to be afraid of death. Hence, the poem somewhat contrasts with the theme of Chaucer’s poem, in which the three men decide to oppose the death and, therefore, defeat their fear of it to a certain extent; at least, they no longer stay motionless in fear, but decide to do something to get rid of death instead of waiting for the day when it strikes them. However, it cannot be denied that the manner in which the three overcome the fear of death seems rather a parody of the Biblical redemption. As Hatcher explains, When they have slain Death, no one will ever die again – and the world will therefore be perfect. Conceived on a binge, this plan parodies Christ’s redemptive act: his was self-sacrificial whereas theirs is murderous; his overcame the death of the soul whereas theirs aims to overcome the death of the body; his preserved but transcended the natural mortality of individuals whereas theirs aims to subvert the state of nature. (Hatcher 247) Finally, the development of the characters’ attitude towards death must be mentioned. In Chaucer’s poem, there is a logical development of the idea of death, which starts with sin and fear: â€Å"They made the devil’s sacrifice / Within that devil’s temple, wicked wise, / By superfluity both vile and vain† (Chaucer) and ends with an acceptance of the fact that a human is mortal: â€Å"And therefore I must / keep my old age as long as it is God’s will† (Chaucer). In contrast to Chaucer’s characters, the character of Patterson’s lyrics does not evolve – he is fixed on the idea that death is something to be feared: â€Å"Thanne ofte thynke on cristes passion / Whan timos mortis conturbat me† (Patterson 108). Hence, in a certain aspect, Chaucer’s work is stronger than Patterson’s preachy tone: â€Å"And Pardoner, I / pray you draw near again, and let us laugh and make / sport as we did before† (Chaucer). Conclusion: When the Pardon Is Finally Given Taking the above-mentioned into account, one must admit that there is a considerable range of similarities between the Middle English penitential lyrics and the poem written by Ch aucer, especially when it comes to discussing The Pardoner’s Tale. Even though the works by Chaucer and the ones by Patterson belong to completely different genres and have considerable differences in their topics and styles, they still discuss the same issues. Hence, it can be considered that, much like the Middle English penitential lyrics, the poem by Chaucer is shot through with the idea of guilt and repentance. Works Cited Besserman, Lawrence and Melvin Storm. â€Å"Chaucer’s Pardoner.† PMLA 98.3 (1983): 405-406. Print. Chaucer, Geoffrey n.d., The Pardoner, His Prologue, and His Tale. Web. Hatcher, Elizabeth. â€Å"Life without Death: The Old Man in Chaucer’s ‘Pardoner’s Tale’.† The Chaucer Review 9.3 (1975): 246-252. Print. Hicks, James. â€Å"Chaucer’s Inversion of Augustinian Rhetoric in ‘The Pardoner’s Prologue and Tale’.† Essays in Medieval Studies 3 (n.d.): 78-95. Web. Là ¡zaro, Luis A. n.d., Orality and the Satiric Tradition in The Pardoner’s Tale. Web. Miller, Robert P. â€Å"Chaucer’s Pardoner, the Scriptural Eunuch, and the Pardoner’s Tale.† Speculum 30.2 (1955): 180-199. Print. Patterson, Frank Allan. The Middle English Penitential Lyrics. Norwood, MA: The Columbia University Press. 1911. Print. Swart, Jacobus. â€Å"Chaucer’s Pardoner.† Neophilologus 36.1 (1952): 45-50. Print. This term paper on The Pardoner’s Tale was written and submitted by user Cailyn Cruz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.